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File Operations and Permissions

2.1 Creating and Examining Files​

Required location: ~/linux_tutorial

Make sure you're in the right directory:

cd ~/linux_tutorial
pwd  # Should show your path ending with /linux_tutorial

Create a text file:

touch sample.txt

Create a file with content:

echo "Hello, Linux World!" > sample.txt

View file contents:

cat sample.txt

2.2 Understanding File Details and Permissions​

List files with detailed information:

ls -l sample.txt

You'll see output like:

-rw-r--r-- 1 username groupname 19 Jun 20 10:30 sample.txt

Understanding the permission string (-rw-r--r--):

  • First character: File type (- = regular file, d = directory)
  • Next 9 characters: Permissions in groups of 3
    • Characters 2-4: Owner permissions (rwx)
    • Characters 5-7: Group permissions (rwx)
    • Characters 8-10: Other permissions (rwx)

Permission meanings:

  • r (read): Can view file contents
  • w (write): Can modify file contents
  • x (execute): Can run file as a program

2.3 File Operations​

Current location: ~/linux_tutorial

Copy the file:

cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt

Rename the copied file:

mv sample_copy.txt renamed_sample.txt

Move the file to the documents directory:

mv renamed_sample.txt documents/

Verify the move:

ls documents/